Functional dervivates
Functional dervivates are organic compunds in which is Hydrogen replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
1. acid halides
suffix: -oyl acid
Physical properties:
- low molecular rate
- liquids with unpleasant smell
- the boiling point is lower than the boiling point of acids because there isn´t hydrogen bound
- molecules with high molecular rate are solids
Chemical properties:
- Substitutional nucleophilic reactions are typical of them
- reactivity is higher than the reactivity of aldehydes
Uses:
- used in organic synthesis e.g. ethanoyl chloride is used to introduce ethanoil groups into the organic molecules, benzoyl peroxide is used in vulcanisation of rubber
2. Esters
- alkyl group is naming first followed by name of the acid
- suffix: -oyl is replaced by -oate
- the cyclic esters are called lactones
Physical properties:
- insoluble in water
- lower boiling point than the boiling point of carboxylic acids
- small esters (low molecular rate) smell like typical organic solvents and the higher esters smell towards artificial fruit, e.g. ethyl pentanoate has smell of apple, butyl butirate smells like pinapple
Chemical properties:
- typical reactions are Substituent nucleophilic
- slow reactions and reversible
Uses:
- in food industry but only molecules with high molecular rate
- lower molecular rate are used as a solvents
3. Anhydrides
- composed of 2 molecules after removing of water
Physical properties:
- colourless liquid, smelling strong as vinegar because it reacts with water vapour in the air to produce ethanoic acid again
- boiling point isn´t as high as boiling point of carboxylic acids because no hydrogen bounds
- soluble in water
Chemical properties:
- substitutional nucleophilic reactions
- similar to acid halides but less reactiove
Uses:
- used in synthesis in making aspirine, cellulose, plastics
Topic: Functional dervivates
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